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Table of contents

Contents

Chapter 1:          Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJT) 12

1.1         Introduction. 12

1.2         Semiconductors. 12

1.3         PN junction diode. 13

1.4         BJT physical construction basics. 16

1.5         BJT characteristics. 18

1.6         BJT biasing. 20

1.6.1           Fixed-bias circuit 21

1.6.2           Emitter stabilized biasing. 22

1.6.3           Voltage divider biasing: 24

1.6.4           Dual power supply biasing: 27

1.6.5           Feedback resistor biasing. 29

1.6.6           Constant current source biasing. 31

1.7         AC analysis of BJT circuits. 33

1.8         Basic Amplifiers configurations: 37

1.8.1           Characterizing amplifiers. 38

1.8.2           Common emitter amplifier 40

1.8.3           Common Base amplifier 41

1.8.4           Common Collector (emitter follower) amplifier 42

1.8.5           Resistance reflection: 47

1.9         Practical Discrete BJT amplifiers. 50

1.9.1           Common emitter amplifier 50

1.9.2           Common base amplifier 55

1.9.3           Common collector (emitter follower) amplifier using Constant current source: 57

1.9.4           Common emitter amplifier – with emitter resistance using Constant current source. 59

1.10       Design examples. 62

1.11       PNP transistor 68

Chapter 2:          Field Effect Transistors (FET) 71

2.1         Introduction: 71

2.2         FET types: 71

2.3         E-MOSFET operation. 72

2.4         FET characteristics. 74

2.4.1           Enhancement MOSFET.. 74

2.4.2           JFET and depletion type MOSFET: 75

2.5         FET biasing. 77

2.5.1           Self-biasing: 77

2.5.2           Feedback resistor biasing: 79

2.5.3           Voltage divider biasing. 82

2.5.4           Constant current source biasing analysis. 83

2.6         AC analysis of FET circuits. 87

2.7         Basic Amplifiers configurations: 94

2.7.1           Common source amplifier 94

2.7.2           Common Gate amplifier 95

2.7.3           Common Drain (source follower) amplifier 97

2.8         Practical Discrete FET amplifiers. 102

2.8.1           Common source amplifier 102

2.8.2           Common gate amplifier 106

2.8.3           Common drain (source follower) amplifier 109

2.9         MOS output (drain) resistance. 115

2.10       PMOS. 116

2.11       Final remarks: 118

Appendices. 118

Appendix 1: Other FET symbols used in the literature. 118

Chapter 3:          Multistage Amplifiers. 120

3.1         Analyzing Multistage Amplifiers. 120

3.1.1           Method 1: Separate Stages. 120

3.1.2           Method 2: Thevenin’s Theorem… 122

3.1.3           Method 3: One circuit 124

3.2         Multi-stage amplifiers examples. 125

3.3         Darlington Pair 135

3.4         The cascode configuration. 136

Chapter 4:          Biasing techniques for integrated circuits. 141

4.1         Introduction: 141

4.2         Basic cell: 141

4.3         The cascode configuration: 143

4.3.1           MOSFET cascode configuration: 143

4.3.2           BJT cascode configuration: 147

4.4         Current source load implementation. 151

4.4.1           MOS Current source load. 151

4.4.2           BJT Current source load. 155

4.5         I.C.’s biasing techniques. 158

4.5.1           Current sources (mirrors): 158

4.5.2           Wilson Current Source (mirror): 161

4.5.3           Current steering circuits: 170

Chapter 5:          Differential Amplifiers. 173

5.1         Basics. 173

5.2         DC Analysis of Differential amplifier: 174

5.3         AC Analysis of Differential amplifier 175

5.3.1           Differential Mode – Double ended. 176

5.3.2           Differential Mode – Single ended voltage gain: 178

5.3.3           Common mode DA.. 180

5.3.4           Use of T-Model 185

5.3.5           MOSFET Differential Amplifiers. 187

5.3.6           Input and output impedances: 189

5.4         Differential to single Ended output conversion. 191

5.5         Gilbert cell 193

Chapter 6:          Power Amplifiers. 196

6.1         Classifications. 196

6.2         Series-fed class-A amplifiers: 197

6.2.1           Efficiency. 198

6.3         Transformer coupled class A amplifiers. 201

6.3.1           Efficiency: 203

6.4         Class B Amplifiers. 207

6.5         Class B Power Amplifiers circuits. 208

6.5.1           Amplifier efficiency: 210

6.6         Class AB amplifiers: 212

6.7         Class C amplifiers: 215

Chapter 7:          Power Amplifiers. 217

7.1         Classifications. 217

7.2         Series-fed class-A amplifiers: 218

7.2.1           Efficiency. 219

7.3         Transformer coupled class A amplifiers. 222

7.3.1           Efficiency: 224

7.4         Class B Amplifiers. 228

7.5         Class B Power Amplifiers circuits. 229

7.5.1           Amplifier efficiency: 231

7.6         Class AB amplifiers: 233

7.7         Class C amplifiers: 236

Chapter 8:          Frequency Response. 238

8.1         Introduction: 238

8.2         Low frequency response analysis. 239

8.3         High frequency response: 252

8.3.1           High frequency response of BJT amplifier 254

8.3.2           High frequency response of FET amplifier 257

Chapter 9:          Feedback Connections (FB) 260

9.1         Introduction. 260

9.2         Main Feedback properties. 262

9.2.1           Gain stability. 262

9.2.2           Bandwidth extension: 263

9.3         FB connection types: 265

9.3.1           Input and Output resistances. 266

9.4         Practical feedback circuits. 274

9.4.1           Series-shunt FB configuration (voltage amplifier): 275

9.4.2           Shunt-series FB configuration (current amplifier) 280

9.4.3           Series-series feedback circuit: 283

9.4.4           Shunt-shunt feedback. 285

9.5         Loading effect: 289

9.6         Feedback circuit stability: 291

9.7         Oscillators: 293

References and Bibliography. 297